Futibatinib: A Review in Locally Advanced and Metastatic Cholangiocarcinoma.

Futibatinib (LYTGOBI®) is an oral small molecule compound that selectively, irreversibly and potently inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)1-4. It is approved in the EU, Japan and the USA for the treatment of adults with locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) harbouring an FGFR2 fusion or rearrangement who have progressed following systemic therapy. In the phase II part (FOENIX-CCA2) of a multinational phase I/II study in this patient population, monotherapy with futibatinib 20 mg once daily was associated with clinically meaningful and durable responses, sustained health-related quality of life (HR-QOL), and a manageable safety profile with supportive care and as-needed dose modifications. Indeed, hyperphosphataemia (the most common all grade and grade 3 treatment-related adverse event) was manageable with phosphate-lowering therapy and dose reductions or interruptions. Although further efficacy and tolerability data are expected, current evidence indicates that futibatinib is a valuable targeted therapy option for adults with locally advanced or metastatic CCA harbouring an FGFR2 fusion or rearrangement who have progressed following systemic therapy, a patient population with limited treatment options and poor life expectancy.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an invasive tumour arising from the biliary tract. In the early stages it presents silently; this, along with its highly aggressive nature, means it is often diagnosed in the later (advanced) stages when surgery is not a treatment option. Up to half of CCAs have genetic aberrations that can be targeted for treatment. One such abnormality (present in 9­15% of CCAs) is found in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)2. The presence of this aberration promotes tumour survival and development. Futibatinib (LYTGOBI^®) is an oral drug that strongly inhibits the activity of FGFR1­4. When given to adults with unresectable or metastatic CCA harbouring an FGFR2 aberration who had disease progression after systemic therapy, futibatinib 20 mg once daily produced clinically meaningful and prolonged responses and sustained health-related quality of life; moreover, with supportive care and as-needed dose modifications, futibatinib had a manageable safety profile. In a patient population that has limited treatment options and poor life expectancy, current evidence indicates that futibatinib is a valuable targeted therapy option.

Exagamglogene Autotemcel: First Approval.

Exagamglogene autotemcel (Casgevy™) is a genetically modified autologous CD34+ cell enriched population. It contains human haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells edited ex vivo by CRISPR/Cas9 (a DNA double strand break-inducing nuclease system) to differentiate into erythroid cells that produce high levels of foetal hemoglobin. Developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals and CRISPR Therapeutics, exagamglogene autotemcel received its first approval on 16 November 2023 in the UK for the treatment of transfusion-dependent ß-thalassemia (TDT) in patients aged ≥ 12 years for whom haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is appropriate and a human leukocyte antigen matched related HSC donor is not available. On the same day, it was also approved in the UK for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in patients aged ≥ 12 years with recurrent vasoocclusive crises (VOCs) who have the ßS/ßS, ßS/ß+ or ßS/ß0 genotype for whom HSC transplantation is appropriate and a human leukocyte antigen matched related HSC donor is not available. Subsequently, exagamglogene autotemcel was approved in the USA on 8 December 2023 for the treatment of SCD in patients aged ≥ 12 years with recurrent VOCs and received a positive opinion in the EU on 14 December 2023 for the treatment of TDT and SCD. A regulatory assessment of exagamglogene autotemcel is currently underway for the treatment of TDT in the USA. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of exagamglogene autotemcel leading to these first approvals.

Bosutinib: Pediatric First Approval.

Bosutinib (BOSULIF®), an orally administered BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) developed by Pfizer Inc., is well established in the EU and the USA as a treatment for adults with newly diagnosed (ND) chronic phase (CP) Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and for CP, accelerated phase and blast phase Ph+ CML that is resistant or intolerant (R/I) to prior therapy. In September 2023, based on clinical data from patients aged ≥ 1 to < 18 years, bosutinib was approved in the USA for the treatment of pediatric patients aged ≥ 1 year with CP Ph+ CML that is ND or R/I to prior therapy. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of bosutinib leading to this first pediatric approval.

Motixafortide: First Approval.

Motixafortide (APHEXDATM) is a selective C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) inhibitor being developed by BioLineRx under licence from Biokine Therapeutics for the mobilization of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and the treatment of various cancers. On 11 September 2023, motixafortide was approved in the USA for use in combination with filgrastim [granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)] to mobilize HSCs to the peripheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. Motixafortide has been granted Orphan Drug Designation for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in the EU and the USA, and for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia in the USA. Clinical development is ongoing for the mobilization of CD34+ HSCs for gene therapy in patients with sickle cell disease. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of motixafortide leading to this first approval.

Solriamfetol: A Review in Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Associated with Narcolepsy and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea.

Solriamfetol (SUNOSI®) is an oral selective dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor approved in the EU and the USA for improving wakefulness in adults with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) associated with narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). In phase III studies, 12 weeks' therapy with solriamfetol within the recommended dosage range for narcolepsy (75 mg or 150 mg once daily) or OSA (37.5 mg, 75 mg or 150 mg once daily) provided early and sustained reductions in excessive sleepiness and improvements in wakefulness relative to placebo. These effects were generally sustained through 52 weeks. The drug's effectiveness in adults with EDS associated with narcolepsy is supported by results from real-world studies. Solriamfetol demonstrated a consistent safety and tolerability profile across clinical studies, with commonly reported adverse reactions generally occurring within 2 weeks of treatment initiation and mostly resolving within 2 weeks. Thus, solriamfetol represents a useful treatment option for adults with EDS associated with narcolepsy or OSA.

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common condition in which an individual is unable to stay awake during periods when they typically would be awake. Dopamine and norepinephrine are among the chemical messengers involved in sleep­wake regulation. Solriamfetol (SUNOSI^®), a selective dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is a once-daily oral treatment approved in the EU and the USA for improving wakefulness in adults with EDS associated with narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). In such patients, solriamfetol reduced excessive sleepiness and improved wakefulness compared with placebo over 12 weeks. Onset was rapid and generally sustained through 52 weeks. The safety and tolerability profile of solriamfetol was consistent over the short and longer term; the most common adverse reactions were headache, decreased appetite, nausea, anxiety and insomnia in adults with narcolepsy and nausea and decreased appetite in those with OSA. Thus, solriamfetol represents a useful treatment option for adults with EDS associated with narcolepsy or OSA.

Pozelimab: First Approval.

Pozelimab (pozelimab-bbfg; VEOPOZ™) is a fully human immunoglobulin (Ig) G4P (i.e. IgG4 with a proline substitution to promote stabilization of the disulfide bonds between the two heavy chains) monoclonal antibody developed by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., to block the activity of complement factor 5 (C5) and prevent diseases mediated by the complement pathway. In August 2023, pozelimab received its first approval for the treatment of adults, and paediatric patients aged ≥ 1 year with CD55-deficient protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), also known as CHAPLE disease, in the USA. It is the first US FDA-approved treatment for this disease. In the USA, pozelimab has been granted orphan drug designations for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) [both as a monotherapy and in combination with cemdisiran] and for the treatment of myasthenia gravis (in combination with cemdisiran). Pozelimab is also undergoing clinical development in several other countries worldwide for the treatment of CD55-deficient PLE, PNH and myasthenia gravis. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of pozelimab leading to this first approval for the treatment of adults, and paediatric patients aged ≥ 1 year with CD55-deficient PLE, also known as CHAPLE disease, in the USA.

Rozanolixizumab: First Approval.

Rozanolixizumab (rozanolixizumab-noli; RYSTIGGO®) is a high affinity humanized immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody directed against human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Administered subcutaneously, it is being developed by UCB Pharma for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and received its first approval on 27 June 2023 in the USA for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) in adults who are anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) or anti-muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) antibody positive. Rozanolixizumab is the first agent to be approved in the USA for both anti-AChR and anti-MuSK antibody-positive gMG. A regulatory assessment of rozanolixizumab for the treatment of gMG is currently underway in the EU and Japan. Clinical development is ongoing for the treatment of leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 autoimmune encephalitis, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disease and severe fibromyalgia syndrome. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of rozanolixizumab leading to this first approval for the treatment of gMG in adults who are anti-AChR or anti-MuSK antibody positive.

Delandistrogene Moxeparvovec: First Approval.

Delandistrogene moxeparvovec (delandistrogene moxeparvovec-rokl; ELEVIDYS®) is an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-based gene therapy designed to deliver a gene encoding a micro-dystrophin protein [i.e. a shortened (138 kDa) version of the dystrophin protein expressed in normal muscle cells (427 kDa)] to all muscles involved in the pathology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Developed by Sarepta Therapeutics, it is the first gene therapy to be approved (in June 2023 under the Accelerated Approval pathway) for the treatment of DMD in the USA, where it is indicated for ambulatory paediatric patients aged 4 through 5 years with DMD and a confirmed mutation in the dystrophin (DMD) gene. The recommended dose of delandistrogene moxeparvovec is 1.33 × 1014 vector genomes per kg of body weight or 10 mL/kg body weight, administered as a single intravenous infusion. Delandistrogene moxeparvovec is undergoing clinical development in several countries/regions, including the EU and Japan. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of delandistrogene moxeparvovec leading to this first approval in the USA for the treatment of ambulatory paediatric patients aged 4 through 5 years with DMD and a confirmed mutation in the DMD gene.

Elacestrant: First Approval.

Elacestrant (ORSERDU™) is an orally available selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) being developed by Stemline Therapeutics, a subsidiary of Menarini Group, for the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer. In January 2023, elacestrant received its first approval for the treatment of postmenopausal women or adult men with ER-positive, HER2-negative, estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1)-mutated (as determined by a US FDA-approved test) advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following ≥ 1 line of endocrine therapy in the USA. A regulatory assessment of elacestrant for the treatment of ER-positive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer is currently underway in the EU. Development of elacestrant for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms has been discontinued. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of elacestrant leading to this first approval for this indication.

Eftrenonacog Alfa: A Review in Haemophilia B.

Eftrenonacog alfa (Alprolix®) is an extended half-life recombinant factor IX (rFIX)-Fc fusion protein (hereafter referred to as rFIXFc). Administered as an intravenous bolus, it is approved for prophylactic use and the treatment of bleeding in patients with haemophilia B in various countries worldwide, including those of the EU, as well as the USA. In multinational, phase III trials, rFIXFc was effective for the prophylaxis, perioperative management or on-demand treatment of bleeding in male patients with severe haemophilia B regardless of age and irrespective of whether or not they had been previously treated with FIX replacement products. Prophylactic efficacy was maintained over the longer term (up to 5 years) in previously treated patients. rFIXFc effectiveness in the real-world setting is supported by results of prospective studies, as well as the outcomes of several retrospective trials. rFIXFc was well tolerated in clinical trials in previously treated and untreated children, adolescents and/or adults with severe haemophilia B. Thus, rFIXFc continues to represent a useful treatment option among the haemophilia B patient population.

Haemophilia B is a rare inherited bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factor IX (FIX). Its management involves rectifying the deficiency in FIX by administering an FIX replacement product, thereby increasing FIX activity and reducing bleeding. FIX replacement therapy can be administered at the time of bleeding (i.e. as on-demand treatment) or prophylactically (as scheduled injections), as well as before surgery. Eftrenonacog alfa (also known as rFIXFc; Alprolix^®) is a replacement FIX therapy comprising FIX linked to a region of human immunoglobulin G to prolong the half-life of the product. It has been approved for the prevention and treatment of bleeding in patients with haemophilia B in various countries worldwide. Designed to require less frequent injections, rFIXFc was effective and well tolerated when used to prevent or treat bleeding, including before surgery, in individuals with haemophilia B regardless of age or whether they have been treated previously with an FIX replacement product. Thus, rFIXFc continues to represent a useful treatment option for individuals with haemophilia B.

Lecanemab: First Approval.

Lecanemab (lecanemab-irmb; LEQEMBI™) is a humanized immunoglobulin gamma 1 (IgG1) against aggregated soluble and insoluble forms of amyloid-ß peptide. It is being developed by Eisai, under a global licence from BioArctic (formerly BioArctic Neuroscience), and in collaboration with Biogen, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and received its first approval for this indication on 6 January 2023 in the USA under the Accelerated Approval Pathway. According to the US prescribing information, treatment should be initiated in patients with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia stage of disease, and a confirmed presence of amyloid beta pathology (i.e. the population in which treatment was initiated in clinical trials). There are no effectiveness or safety data on initiating treatment at earlier or later stages of the disease than were studied. Lecanemab is undergoing regulatory review in the EU, Japan and China, with clinical development underway in several other countries worldwide. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of lecanemab leading to this first approval for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Bexagliflozin: First Approval.

Bexagliflozin (BRENZAVVY™) is an orally administered potent inhibitor of sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT-2). It is being developed by TheracosBio for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and essential hypertension, and in January 2023 it received its first approval in the USA for use as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycaemic control in adults with T2D. Bexagliflozin is contraindicated in patients receiving dialysis and is not recommended in patients with type 1 diabetes or in those with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. Bexagliflozin is undergoing clinical development for the treatment of essential hypertension in the USA. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of bexagliflozin leading to this first approval for the treatment of T2D.

Ruxolitinib Cream 1.5%: A Review in Mild to Moderate Atopic Dermatitis.

Ruxolitinib cream 1.5% (OPZELURA™) is a topical formulation of ruxolitinib, a potent, selective inhibitor of Janus kinase (JAK)1 and JAK2. The targeting of these kinases is associated with therapeutic benefits in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). In two identically designed, multinational, phase III studies in patients aged ≥ 12 years with mild to moderate AD, ruxolitinib cream 1.5% improved measures of disease severity, pruritus and sleep disturbance relative to vehicle cream when applied twice daily for 8 weeks. Disease severity was controlled for the next 44 weeks when applied as needed to active lesions. Ruxolitinib cream 1.5% was well tolerated in this patient population; its safety profile was similar to that of vehicle cream over the short term, with the types of treatment-emergent adverse events typical of those seen in the vehicle-controlled period over the longer term. Moreover, application site treatment-emergent adverse events indicative of skin tolerability issues (e.g. stinging/burning sensation) were infrequent and no safety findings suggestive of systemic JAK inhibition were identified. Although further longer-term data would be of use, ruxolitinib cream 1.5% provides an alternative to established topical agents (e.g. corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors) for the treatment of mild to moderate AD in adults and adolescents.

Atopic dermatitis (AD; also known as atopic eczema) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease that most commonly occurs in children but may also affect adults. Ruxolitinib cream 1.5% (OPZELURA™) is a topical therapy that inhibits Janus kinase (JAK)1 and JAK2, which are enzymes that can modify the inflammatory pathways involved in AD. It is approved in the USA for short-term and non-continuous longer-term treatment of mild to moderate AD in non-immunocompromised patients aged ≥ 12 years whose disease is not adequately controlled with topical prescription therapies or when those therapies are not advisable. Patients experienced clearer skin and a reduction in itch and disturbed sleep when treated with ruxolitinib cream 1.5% twice daily compared with a non-medicated cream for 8 weeks. Moreover, clearer skin was maintained for a further 44 weeks when using the treatment as needed. The safety profile of ruxolitinib cream 1.5% was similar to that of the non-medicated cream, and stinging/burning sensations following application were infrequent. Thus, ruxolitinib cream 1.5% offers an alternative to established topical agents (e.g. corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors) for the treatment of adults and adolescents with mild to moderate AD.

Deucravacitinib: First Approval.

Deucravacitinib (SOTYKTU™) is a first-in-class, highly selective, oral tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitor. It acts via an allosteric mechanism, binding to the catalytically inactive pseudokinase regulatory domain of TYK2 and stabilizing an inhibitory interaction between the regulatory and catalytic domains. Deucravacitinib is being developed by Bristol Myers Squibb for the treatment of multiple immune-mediated diseases, including psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, lupus and inflammatory bowel disease. It received its first approval (in the USA on 9 September 2022) for the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy. On 26 September 2022, it was subsequently approved in Japan for the treatment of plaque psoriasis, generalized pustular psoriasis and erythrodermic psoriasis. The Marketing Authorisation Application for deucravacitinib for the treatment of adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis has been validated in the EU, and clinical development of the drug for the treatment of multiple immune-mediated diseases is underway in numerous countries worldwide. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of deucravacitinib leading to this first approval for the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy.

Amubarvimab/Romlusevimab: First Approval.

Amubarvimab /romlusevimab is a combination of two neutralizing recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (amubarvimab and romlusevimab) against the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Jointly developed by Brii Biosciences, Tsinghua University and the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, it has been approved (in December 2021) by the National Medical Products Administration of China for the treatment of mild COVID-19 in patients aged ≥ 18 years, and those aged 12-17 years with a bodyweight of ≥ 40 kg (conditional approval) who are at high risk of progressing to severe disease, including hospitalization or death. An Emergency Use Authorization application for amubarvimab/romlusevimab is currently under review in the USA. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of amubarvimab/romlusevimab leading to this first approval for the treatment of COVID-19.